A new joint report by Gemini and Glassnode reveals a dramatic shift in Bitcoin ownership, highlighting the cryptocurrency’s growing maturity and institutional adoption. According to the report, centralized treasuries—including governments, ETFs, public companies, and centralized exchanges—now hold nearly 31% of all circulating Bitcoin, totaling over 6.1 million BTC worth approximately $668 billion.
Governments around the world collectively hold 529,705 BTC, valued at over $57 billion. The United States leads with 207,189 BTC, followed by China with 194,000 BTC and the United Kingdom with 61,000 BTC.
The report highlights that these holdings are not from open market purchases but have mostly come from seizures and enforcement actions.
Bitcoin ETFs are rapidly growing as dominant holders. They now control 1,390,267 BTC, worth about $150 billion. The largest holder is BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust, which owns 665,638.1 BTC. Fidelity’s Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund and Grayscale Bitcoin Trust follow with 198,685.8 BTC and 185,203.6 BTC, respectively.
These numbers reflect rising institutional confidence in Bitcoin as a long-term financial asset.
Public companies have become aggressive buyers, collectively holding 763,479 BTC, valued at $82.38 billion. MicroStrategy continues to lead this category with a staggering 582,000 BTC in reserves. Other key players include Marathon Digital Holdings with 49,179 BTC and Riot Platforms with 19,225 BTC.
This further signals Bitcoin’s growing role as a strategic asset for corporations seeking to protect against inflation and economic uncertainty.
Centralized Exchanges Still Hold a Large Share
The report also confirms that centralized exchanges make up a significant portion of the 6.1 million BTC controlled by centralized entities. Current BTC exchange reserves stand at 2.5 million BTC.
However, analysts believe much of this Bitcoin belongs to retail users, not the exchanges themselves. Still, the inclusion of exchanges highlights the role of custodial platforms in Bitcoin’s ecosystem.
In contrast to public firms, private companies collectively hold 457,870 BTC, valued at around $49.4 billion. The distribution is more spread out in this segment.
Block.one holds 140,000 BTC, while Tether Holdings owns 100,521 BTC. Other notable holders include Xapo Bank with 38,931 BTC and Twenty One Capital with 37,229.7 BTC.
The report highlights that institutional Bitcoin holdings have surged 924% over the past decade. During the same period, Bitcoin’s price jumped from under $1,000 to over $100,000. In just the past year, the price has climbed 60.2%, showing increased stability and mainstream acceptance.
This price performance is closely tied to growing institutional interest, which has created a stronger foundation for Bitcoin as an asset class.
The data reflects a structural transformation in Bitcoin’s ownership landscape. With governments, ETFs, public companies, and exchanges holding a large share of circulating BTC, Bitcoin is now entering a phase of institutional maturity.However, despite this evolution, Bitcoin still remains a risk-on asset, subject to macroeconomic forces and market sentiment. Its volatility may have reduced, but it has not disappeared.
ETFs controlling substantial Bitcoin signals its mainstream acceptance and legitimization. This attracts more institutional capital, potentially leading to increased price stability, enhanced liquidity, and a more robust market infrastructure.
Public companies are increasing Bitcoin holdings rapidly to hedge against inflation, diversify treasury reserves, signal support for the crypto industry, and capitalize on Bitcoin’s potential for significant appreciation, similar to MicroStrategy’s strategy.
Institutional ownership, particularly from long-term holders like ETFs, tends to increase Bitcoin’s price stability by providing consistent demand and reducing sharp sell-offs during market downturns, thus lessening overall volatility.
Despite maturity, Bitcoin remains a risk-on asset, susceptible to macroeconomic forces, market sentiment, and inherent volatility. Regulatory uncertainty, cybersecurity threats, and liquidity challenges in large liquidations also persist.
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